Unit+I

[| Religion.docx] Religion Gathering Grid-Use this to organize and post your research results below.

[| Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations Vocabulary.docx]

Jared, Alex, and Alison Early Society in East Asia Mandate of Heaven – proposes that heavenly powers granted emperors the power to govern Tian – 1.Belief in the impersonal heavenly power 2. [celestial mountains], mountain system of central Asia. Coal, iron, lead, and zinc are mined in this region //Book of Songs // – Also known as //Classic of Poetry-// consists of poems and songs one of the five classics of Ancient China used by Confucianism //Book of History // – Also known as the //Classic of// //History-// is a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers of the early Zhou period and before. //Book of Rites // – Also known as the //Classic of Rites//- describes rites and ceremonies of ancient China Yangshao society – an early Chinese society which emerged from the central region of the Yellow River Valley from 5000 – 3000 BCE Xia dynasty – first Chinese dynasty to be described in ancient historical records 2200 – 1600 BCE Shang dynasty – was the third historic Chinese Empire and ruled in the northeastern region of the Yellow River Valley; succeeded by metallurgy Zhou dynasty – was the longest lasting dynasty out of all dynasties in China, and was preceded by the Shang dynasty Qin dynasty – lasted 35 years, and was preceded by the Zhou dynasty Oracle bones – pieces of bone or turtle shell heated and then described and used as a tool for fortune telling <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">King Yu – was the first ruler and founder of the Xia dynasty <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Confucius – was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher who has deeply influenced much of Asia; created a system of values and morals called Confucianism <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">King Yao – was one of three legendary kings who laid the foundations of Chinese society <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">King Shun – was a legendary 23rd-22nd Chinese leader; was one of the longest ruling leaders in the Chinese history <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Fu Hao – was predominantly known and held the position of one of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty [| East Asia Sprite Chart.doc]

Nik, Katie, Geoff __Early Societies in South Asia__ __**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Samsara- the concept of the transmigration of the soul. Karma- the sum of good and bad deeds (determines ones position in the next life). Moksha- a state you reach after escaping the pain of external rebirth. Sati- Indian practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. Lawbook of Manu- dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships. Rig Veda- one of the most well known religious hymns. Upanishads- collection of writings. Dravidian- peoples who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India (3000-1500 BCE). Indo-European- series of tribes. Ayryans- noble people of the Indo-European tribe. Caste- well defined social order (social classes). Varna- refers to different social classes. Jati- thousands of sub-castes.
 * __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Terms and Concepts

Brahmins- priests. Kshatriyas- warriors and nobles Vaishyas- artisans and merchants. Shudras- peasants and serfs. Indra- Aryan god (Aryans look at Indra as their leader). Varuna- Early Aryan god who watched over the behavior of mortals and preserved cosmic order. Brahman-caste (highest social class in the caste system). [| Sprite Chart.docx]
 * __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">People __**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">


 * Meso-America**

Olmec calendar – later copied by succeeding Mesoamerican societies. Mayan calendar – the most precise calendar in the Americas and was one of the most accurate and complex in the world. Mayan math – based on a vigismal system. A strong point for the Mayans. Invented the concept of zero. Vigismal – based on twenty. Cha_in cult – a new religion that became very popular in the years after 1000 BCE. Emphasized maize and fertility. Showed the increasing importance of agriculture in the lives of early South American tribes. Pyramid of the Sun – the largest building in Mesoamerica 2/3 the size of the great pyramid of Khufu in Egypt. Temple of the Giant Jaguar – also known as the Tikal Temple I and the Temple of Ah Cacao. Built around 730 CE. Built by the Mayans. Unclear of the specific reason for the temple. Jasaw Chan K’awii I (ruled from 682-78 BCE) is buried inside the temple.

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">[| meso-america sprite.doc] **__Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations Vocabulary__** **Matt Smith, Joe Lohuis, and Nancy Kammerer** ** __Mummification:__** The process of a living or dead body being preserved by deliberate embalming or unusual conditions. This process was used most famously by the Ancient Egyptians, who would embalm emperors and other important societal members. **__Pyramids:__** Huge pyramid structures that were used as tombs for emperors or important societal members, there are over 100 in Egypt. Some of these pyramids had devices used to trap tomb raiders. **__Hieroglyphics:__** One of the earliest forms of writing, the Ancient Egyptians had two forms, although one weren’t technically Hieroglyphs. The other form, the Cursive Hieroglyphs, was used for religious purposes, which is why they’ve been found inside the tombs of Emperors. **__Archaic Period:__** This period began when the kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt united. The Egyptian Pharaohs had the most power during this period, and launched 5 military operations in between 3100 and 2600 B.C.E.  **__Old Kingdom:__** The first of three “Kingdom” periods that marked high points in Ancient Egypt’s history. The capital during this time was Memphis, and it is most commonly known as the time that the pyramids were constructed. **__Middle Kingdom:__** The relatively shortest period of the Kingdom trio, it defines the time of the 11th and 12th dynasties. During the 11th dynasty, most of Egypt was under one rule, which brought conflict among the Thebeans and the former rulers of the 10th dynasty. ** __New Kingdom:__** Period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th and 17th century B.C.E. It covered the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties of Egypt **__Horus:__** Was the God of Ancient Egyptian religion, most commonly known by the Greek version Horus. He was an important deity and was the Egyptian symbol of power **__Amon-Re:__** Ancient Egyptian sun god who became a major deity in ancient Egyptian religion **__Osiris:__** Is Egyptian god of life, death, and fertility. One of the oldest gods that records have been found for **__Pyramid of Khufu:__** Also called the Great Pyramid of Giza, is the oldest of the three largest pyramids in the Giza Necropolis. It’s also the only remaining member of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World **__Hykso:__** Were an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt **__Menes__**- Took control of Egypt from the south. Was pharaoh of Egypt in 3100 BCE who unified Egypt and created a centralized government. He built the city of Memphis. **__Ahmosis__**- founded the dynasty which started the New Kingdom c. 1500 BCE. During his reign he ended the presence of Hyksos who were frequently invading Egypt. **__Tuthmosis III__**- Pharaoh during New Kingdom (reigned 1479-1425 BCE) He led many military campaigns to Palestine and Syria. During his reign he helped Egypt to control the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. **__Hatshepsut__**- Queen Hatshepsut was the most prominent woman to ever succeed in government. Women in power were very rare and so in depictions of Hatshepsut she is shown with a beard to appear less offensive. **__Harkfuh__** - Governor of Upper Egypt and an explorer. His explorations took him to Nubia around 2300 BCE. He brought back caravans of exotic goods from Africa. His autobiography is one of the most famous from the Old Kingdom. **__Akhenaton__** – Pharaoh who changed his name to Akhenaton to honor his favorite god Aten. He told his people to worship only Aten and even chisel the names of other gods out of the temples. In this manner he introduced a kind of monotheism into Egypt which had previously been strictly polytheistic. With his death the memory of Aten and Akhenaton was erased almost completely. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> Egyptian Kings and noble classes Nubian Slave population Bantu were a migratory society In Bantu society, people were grouped by age rather than wealth Egyptians ruled by Kings with no opposition Time period divided up into 3 Kingdom periods, old middle and new Had female rulers, including Queen Hatshepsut Egyptians had strong military presence in Syria, Palestine, North Africa and Nubia Egyptians had many gods, but Akhenaton introduced monotheism to the Sun God Ra Prepared dead people for the afterlife by embalming if they could afford it  Bantu people were monotheistic Discovered mummification Had two different hieroglyphic systems Built the Pyramids Bantu spoke several languages Nubian recordings unreadable Egyptians had horse drawn chariots Bantu people developed Metallurgy, with a large focus on bronze weapons Bantu people also developed canoes for traveling along the Nile Climate change forced the Egyptians and the Bantu to the Nile River Egyptians developed a good currency system Economy allowed long-distance trading with Africa and India The Bantus’ main agricultural crops were yams and bananas
 * __ Social __**
 * __ Political __**
 * __ Religion __**
 * __ Intellectual __**
 * __ Technological __**
 * __ Economic __**

Chapter 7 - Vocabulary Achaemenid – First great Persian Empire which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius Seleucid – Persian Empire founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the Great Parthian – Persian dynasty that reached its peak under Mithradates I Sassanid – Later powerful Persian dynasty that would reach its peak under Shapir I and later fall to Arabic expansion Satrapy – Administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps (rulers) Zoroastrianism – Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth century BCE prophet; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions Cyrus – leader of the expanding Persian realm Darius – an Archaemenid emperor; younger king’s men of Cyrus Xerxes – Darius’s successor who retreated from a policy of toleration, flaunted his Persian identity, and sought to impose his own values of conquered land Alexander of Macedon – a brilliant strategist and an inspired leader who conquered the Persian Empire Zarathustra – the prophet which influenced the beginning of Zoroastrianism